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Use of English

Level C1

Part 3 - Word Formation

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7
1

For Questions 1-8, read the text below and use the word given in capitals to form a word that fits in the gap.

Shared Investment

Public-private partnerships are often presented as a practical way to fund large infrastructure projects without placing the entire financial burden on the state. Supporters argue that such arrangements allow governments to benefit from private-sector (0) EXPERTISE while still retaining oversight of essential services. In theory, this model encourages greater (1) .......... (EFFICIENT) in planning and delivery, since private firms are usually under pressure to control costs. However, critics point out that the long-term (2) .......... (RELY) on commercial partners can reduce public control and make decision-making less (3) .......... (ACCOUNT). Another concern is that contracts are sometimes so complex that full (4) .......... (TRANSPARENT) becomes difficult to achieve. Even so, when responsibilities are clearly defined and risks are fairly shared, these partnerships can be highly (5) .......... (BENEFIT) for both sides. Their success often depends on careful (6) .......... (REGULATE), realistic expectations, and effective communication between all those (7) .......... (INVOLVE). Ultimately, public-private partnerships are neither a universal solution nor an automatic failure; their value depends on how wisely they are designed and how (8) .......... (CONSISTENT) they are monitored over time.

What to do

For each gap you get one word in capitals which you have to change so the grammar and meaning fit in the sentence. Here you have to show how well you know word families and if you can change words by using prefixes and suffixes.

You need to read the whole text to get the writer’s opinion on the topic. That’s because sometimes a negative prefix will be required. There is usually at least one word requiring a negative prefix, so look out for these.

In the exam always write something. You never know, you might be lucky even if you are not sure of the answer!

Strategy

  1. Read the title and the whole text so that you understand what it is about.
  2. Look at each sentence in detail.
  3. Think about what kind of word you need and whether you need a negative prefix or a suffix.
  4. Read the sentence again to check whether you need a plural form.
  5. Check your spelling, as it must be correct.

Instructions

For Questions 1-8, read the text below and use the word given in capitals to form a word that fits in the gap.

Exercise Details

Author

Yana Google

@yana-01d34d

User Prompt

"Create an exercise about the role of public-private partnerships"

Tone: Informative
Level: C1

Created on:

Jun 8, 2026

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