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Use of English

Level C1

Part 3 - Word Formation

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For Questions 1-8, read the text below and use the word given in capitals to form a word that fits in the gap.

Innovation in Hard Times

Periods of economic difficulty are often associated with fear, caution and reduced spending. Yet history suggests that crisis can also be a powerful driver of (0) CREATIVITY. When resources become scarce, businesses are forced to rethink their priorities and search for more (1) .......... (EFFICIENCY) ways of operating. This pressure can lead to remarkable (2) .......... (INVENT) in products, services and business models. During a downturn, companies may no longer be able to rely on old habits or expensive routines. As a result, they often become more (3) .......... (ADAPT) and willing to experiment. In some cases, financial limits encourage the (4) .......... (DEVELOP) of simpler technologies that are cheaper and easier to use. Consumers, too, may change their behaviour, creating demand for more (5) .......... (AFFORD) alternatives. Of course, not every response to crisis is successful. Some ideas are too risky, while others fail because of poor (6) .......... (EXECUTE). However, difficult conditions can increase the (7) .......... (LIKELY) that organisations will question accepted practices. In that sense, economic crises can act as an (8) .......... (EXPECT) source of progress rather than merely a period of decline.

What to do

For each gap you get one word in capitals which you have to change so the grammar and meaning fit in the sentence. Here you have to show how well you know word families and if you can change words by using prefixes and suffixes.

You need to read the whole text to get the writer’s opinion on the topic. That’s because sometimes a negative prefix will be required. There is usually at least one word requiring a negative prefix, so look out for these.

In the exam always write something. You never know, you might be lucky even if you are not sure of the answer!

Strategy

  1. Read the title and the whole text so that you understand what it is about.
  2. Look at each sentence in detail.
  3. Think about what kind of word you need and whether you need a negative prefix or a suffix.
  4. Read the sentence again to check whether you need a plural form.
  5. Check your spelling, as it must be correct.

Instructions

For Questions 1-8, read the text below and use the word given in capitals to form a word that fits in the gap.

Exercise Details

Author

Bejenaru Alexandru

@bejenaru-alexandru

User Prompt

"Create an exercise about how economic crises influence innovation"

Tone: Standard
Level: C1

Created on:

May 11, 2026

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